Decarbonising heating systems in existing buildings is one of the biggest challenges of the energy transition. While technologies such as heat pumps and renewable heating networks are already available, implementation often remains slow. The reasons are rarely technical. Instead, financial, social, and regulatory barriers continue to delay progress.
A recent analysis conducted within the DekarboGen project highlights the factors that either hinder or enable the decarbonisation of building stock. Drawing on international research, practical experience from demonstration projects, and expert feedback, the study reveals that high upfront costs, complex ownership structures, information gaps, and legal uncertainties are among the most significant obstacles.
At the same time, the research points to a promising solution: cooperative approaches. By enabling collective decision-making, shared investment, and risk-sharing, cooperatives can help overcome many of the structural challenges that individual property owners face. They also create opportunities for stronger community engagement and local ownership of the transition process.
The findings show that successful projects require more than technical expertise. Stable policy frameworks, accessible funding schemes, professional guidance, and transparent communication are equally important. Visible examples of successful projects and active participation from residents can further increase acceptance and willingness to invest.
Importantly, the relevance of different barriers and enablers changes throughout the project lifecycle. While leadership, initiative, and a shared vision are crucial in the early stages, later phases depend more on professional project management, legal clarity, and technical planning.
Overall, the research demonstrates that the heat transition is as much a social and organisational challenge as a technical one. Cooperative models offer a valuable framework for bringing people together, aligning interests, and creating the conditions for long-term success. As cities and communities work towards climate neutrality, these collaborative approaches could play an increasingly important role in accelerating the decarbonisation of existing buildings.
